Taekwondo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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 A World Taekwondo Federation taekwondo sparring match |
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| Also known as | Taekwon-Do, Tae Kwon-Do, Tae Kwon Do |
| Focus | Striking |
| Country of origin |  Korea |
| Famous practitioners | Hee Il Cho, Chang Keun Choi, Choi Hong Hi, Kwang Jo Choi, Young Il Kong, Han Cha Kyo, Nam Tae Hi, Jong Soo Park, Jung Tae Park, Chong Chul Rhee, Jhoon Rhee, Ki Ha Rhee |
| Olympic sport | Since 1988 (WTF regulations) |
| Taekwondo | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 태권도 |
| Hanja | 跆拳道 |
| Revised Romanization | Taegwondo |
| McCune–Reischauer | T'aekwŏndo |
Taekwondo /ˌtaɪˌkwɒnˈdoʊ/ (Korean 태권도 (跆拳道) [tʰɛk͈wʌndo]) is a martial art originating in Korea. It combines combat and self-defense techniques with sport and exercise. In 1989, taekwondo was the world's most popular martial art.[1] Gyeorugi (pronounced [kjʌɾuɡi]), a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000.
There are two main branches of taekwondo development, although they
are not mutually exclusive. "Traditional taekwondo" typically refers to
the martial art as it was established in the 1950s and 1960s in the South Korean military,
and in various civilian organisations, including schools and
universities. In particular, the names and symbolism of the traditional
patterns often refer to elements of Korean history,
culture and religious philosophy. 'Traditional Taekwon-Do' may refer to
ITF Taekwon-Do as created by the founder of ITF Taekwon-Do General Choi
Hong Hi on April 11, 1955. "Sport taekwondo" has developed in the
decades since the 1950s and may have a somewhat different focus,
especially in terms of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in
Olympic sparring). Sport taekwondo is in turn subdivided into two main
styles; one is practiced by WTF Taekwondo practitioners, and derives
from Kukkiwon, the source of the sparring system sihap gyeorugi which is now an event at the summer Olympic Games and which is governed by the World Taekwondo Federation
(WTF). Today, the Kukkiwon, or World Taekwondo Headquarters is the
traditional center for WTF taekwondo; founded by Dr Kim Un Yong on May
25, 1973.. The other comes from the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).[2]
Although there are doctrinal
and technical differences between sparring in the two main styles and
among the various organizations, the art in general emphasizes kicks
thrown from a mobile stance, employing the leg's greater reach and power
(compared to the arm). Taekwondo training generally includes a system
of blocks, kicks, punches, and open-handed strikes and may also include
various take-downs or sweeps, throws, and joint locks. Some taekwondo
instructors also incorporate the use of pressure points, known as jiapsul, as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other martial arts, such as hapkido, judo or ssireum.
In Korean, tae (태, 跆) means "to strike or break with foot"; kwon (권, 拳) means "to strike or break with fist"; and do (도, 道) means "way", "method", or "path". Thus, taekwondo may be loosely translated as "the way of the foot and the hand."[3] The name taekwondo is also written as taekwon-do, tae kwon-do or tae kwon do by various organizations.
Contents |
History
See also: Korean martial arts
The oldest Korean martial art was an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by the three rival Korean Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje,[4]
where young men were trained in unarmed combat techniques to develop
strength, speed, and survival skills. The most popular of these
techniques was ssireum and subak with taekkyeon being the most popular of the segments of subak.
The Northern Goguryeo kingdom was a dominant force in Northern Korea
and North Eastern China prior to common era and again from the 3rd
century to the 6th century CE. Before the fall of Goguryeo Dynasty 6th
century CE, the Shilla Kingdom asked for help in training its people for
defence against pirate invasions. During this time a few select Silla
warriors were given training in taekkyeon by the early masters from Koguryo. These Shilla warriors then became known as the Hwarang. The Hwarang set up a military academy for the sons of royalty in Silla called Hwarang-do, which means "the way of flowering manhood." The Hwarang studied taekkyeon, history, Confucian philosophy, ethics, Buddhist morality, social skills and military tactics. The guiding principles of the Hwarang warriors were based on Won Gwang's five codes of human conduct and included loyalty, filial duty, trustworthiness, valor and justice. Taekkyeon was spread throughout Korea because the Hwarang traveled all around the peninsula to learn about the other regions and people.
In spite of Korea's rich history of ancient and traditional martial
arts, Korean martial arts faded into obscurity during the late Joseon Dynasty. Korean society became highly centralized under Korean Confucianism and martial arts were poorly regarded in a society whose ideals were epitomized by its scholar-kings.[5] Formal practices of traditional martial arts such as subak and taekkyeon were reserved for sanctioned military uses. However, taekkyeon
persisted into the 19th century as a folk game during the May-Dano
festival and was still taught as the Military Martial Art under the last
emperor of the Choson Dynasty.[4]
During the occupation, Koreans who were able to study in Japan were exposed to Japanese martial arts.[6] Others were exposed to martial arts in China and Manchuria.[7][8][9]
When the occupation ended in 1945, Korean martial arts schools (kwans) began to open in Korea under various influences.[7][10]
There are differing views on the origins of the arts taught in these
schools. Some believe that they taught martial arts that were based
primarily upon the traditional Korean martial arts taekkyon and subak,[11][12][13][14][15] or that taekwondo was derived from native Korean martial arts with influences from neighboring countries.[7][16][17][18][19][20] Still others believe that these schools taught arts that were almost entirely based upon karate.[21][22][23]
In 1952, at the height of the Korean War, there was a martial arts exhibition in which the kwans displayed their skills. In one demonstration, Nam Tae Hi smashed 13 roof tiles with a punch. Following this demonstration, South Korean President Syngman Rhee instructed Choi Hong Hi to introduce the martial arts to the Korean army. By the mid-1950s, nine kwans
had emerged. Syngman Rhee ordered that the various schools unify under a
single system. The name "taekwondo" was submitted by either Choi Hong Hi (of the Oh Do Kwan) or Song Duk Son (of the Chung Do Kwan), and was accepted on April 11, 1955. As it stands today, the nine kwans are the founders of taekwondo,[24] though not all the kwans used the name. The Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed in 1959/1961 to facilitate the unification.[6][12][25]
In the early 1960s, taekwondo made its début worldwide with assignment of the original masters of taekwondo to various countries. Standardization efforts in South Korea stalled, as the kwans
continued to teach differing styles. Another request from the Korean
government for unification resulted in the formation of the Korea Tae Soo Do Association, which changed its name back to the Korea Taekwondo Association in 1965 following a change of leadership. The International Taekwon-Do Federation was founded in 1966, followed by World Taekwondo Federation in 1973.
Since 2000, taekwondo has been one of only two Asian martial arts (the other being judo) that are included in the Olympic Games;
it became a demonstration event starting with the 1988 games in Seoul,
and became an official medal event starting with the 2000 games in
Sydney. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport.[26]
One source has estimated that as of 2009, taekwondo was practiced in
123 countries, with over 30 million practitioners and 3 million
individuals with black belts throughout the world.[citation needed] The South Korean government in the same year published an estimate of 70 million practitioners in 190 countries.[27]
Features
See also: List of Taekwondo techniques
Taekwondo is known for its emphasis on kicking techniques, which distinguishes it from martial arts such as karate or southern styles of kung fu.
The rationale is that the leg is the longest and strongest weapon a
martial artist has, and kicks thus have the greatest potential to
execute powerful strikes without successful retaliation.[citation needed]
Taekwondo as a martial art is popular with people of both genders and
of many ages. Physically, taekwondo develops strength, speed, balance,
flexibility, and stamina. An example of the union of mental and physical
discipline is the breaking
of wooden boards, bricks or tiles, which requires both physical mastery
of the technique and the concentration to focus one's power.[citation needed]
A taekwondo student typically wears a uniform (dobok 도복/道服), often white but sometimes black (or other colors), with a belt (dti 띠) tied around the waist. There are at least three major styles of do-bok,
with the most obvious differences being in the style of jacket: (1) the
cross-over front jacket that resembles traditional Asian clothing, (2)
the V-neck jacket (no cross-over) typically worn by WTF practitioners,
and (3) the vertical-closing front jacket (no cross-over) typically worn
by ITF practitioners. The belt colour and any insignia thereon indicate
the student's rank. In general, the darker the colour, the higher the
rank. The school or place where instruction is given is called the do-jang (도장). The grandmaster of the do-jang is called a gwan-jang-nim (관장님); Master (senior instructor or head of do-jang) is called sa-beom-nim (사범님); Instructor is called gyo-san-nim (교사님); Assistant Instructor is called jo-gyo-nim (조교님)
Taekwondo, along with many other martial arts, is traditionally
performed in bare feet, though there are specialist training shoes that
can sometimes be worn.
Although each taekwondo club or school will be different, a student typically takes part in most or all of the following:[28]
- Learning the techniques and curriculum of taekwondo
- Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching
- Self-defense techniques (hosinsool 호신술)
- Patterns (also called forms, poomsae 품새/品勢, teul 틀, hyeong 형/型)
- Sparring (called gyeorugi 겨루기, or matseogi 맞서기 in the ITF), which may include 7-, 3-, 2- and 1-step sparring, free-style sparring, arranged sparring, point sparring, and other types
- Relaxation and meditation exercises; breathing control
- Throwing and/or falling techniques (deonjigi 던지기 and ddeoreojigi 떨어지기)
- A focus on mental and ethical discipline, etiquette, justice, respect, and self-confidence
- Breaking (gyeokpa 격파 or weerok),
using techniques to break boards for testing, training and martial arts
demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles,
and blocks of ice or other materials. Can be separated into three types:
- Power breaking – using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible
- Speed breaking – boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break
- Special techniques – breaking fewer boards but using jumping or flying techniques to attain greater heights, distances, or to clear obstacles
- Exams to progress to the next rank
Some schools teach the "sine wave" technique when performing
patterns. This involves raising one's center of gravity between
techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing
the up-and-down movement from which the term "sine wave" is derived.
Other schools teach that one's center of gravity should remain generally
constant throughout the performance of a pattern except where the
pattern's description states otherwise.[citation needed]
Organizations
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This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2012) |
Two of the most popular systems of taekwondo are named solely after their respective organizations: the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) and the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF).
The WTF was founded in 1973, with roots in the KTA. The KTA Central
Dojang had been opened in South Korea in 1972, and a few months later,
the name was changed to the Kukkiwon. The following year, the WTF was
formed. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WTF and taekwondo sparring in 1980.
Although the terms "WTF" and "Kukkiwon" are often mistakenly used
interchangeably, the Kukkiwon is a completely different organization
which trains and certifies instructors and issues official dan and poom
certificates worldwide. The Kukkiwon has its own unique physical
building that contains the administrative offices of Kukkiwon (World
Taekwondo Headquarters) in Seoul, South Korea and is the system of
taekwondo. The WTF is a tournament committee and is not technically a
style or a system.
The ITF was founded in 1966 by Choi Hong Hi
as a splinter group from the KTA. After Choi's death in 2002, a number
of succession disputes splintered the ITF into three different groups,
all claiming to be the original. These three bodies are all private
organizations. Two are located in Austria and one in Canada. The
unofficial training headquarters of the ITF is located at the Taekwondo
Palace in Pyongyang, North Korea, and was founded in the mid-1990s. There are many other private organizations, such as the World Traditional Taekwondo Union and American Taekwondo Association promoting the Songahm style of taekwondo and Rhee Taekwon-Do
teaching the military style of taekwondo. Events and competitions held
by private organizations are mostly closed to other taekwondo students.
However, the WTF-sanctioned events allow any person, regardless of
school affiliation or martial arts style, to compete in WTF events as
long as he or she is a member of the WTF Member National Association in
his or her nation, which is open to anyone to join. The major technical
differences among these many organizations revolve around the patterns, called hyeong 형, poomsae 품새, or teul
틀, sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate
mastery of posture, positioning, and technique, sparring rules for
competition, and philosophy.
In addition to these private organizations, the original schools (kwans)
that formed the organization that would eventually become the Kukkiwon
continue to exist as independent fraternal membership organizations that
support the WTF and the Kukkiwon. The official curriculum of the kwans is that of the Kukkiwon. The kwans also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification (black belt ranks) for their members.
Ranks, belts, and promotion
Taekwondo ranks are typically separated into "junior" and "senior,"
or "student" and "instructor," sections. The junior section typically
consists of ten ranks indicated by the Korean word geup 급 (also Romanized as gup or kup).
The junior ranks are usually identified by belts of various colors,
depending on the school, so these ranks are sometimes called "color
belts". Geup rank may be indicated by stripes on belts rather than by colored belts. Students begin at tenth geup (often indicated by a white belt) and advance toward first geup (often indicated by a red belt with a black stripe).
The senior section is typically made up of nine ranks. These ranks are called dan 단, also referred to as "black belts" or "degrees" (as in "third dan"
or "third-degree black belt"). Black belts begin at first degree and
advance to second, third, and so on. The degree is often indicated on
the belt itself with stripes, Roman numerals, or other methods; but
sometimes black belts are plain and unadorned regardless of rank.
To advance from one rank to the next, students typically complete
promotion tests in which they demonstrate their proficiency in the
various aspects of the art before a panel of judges or their teacher.
Promotion tests vary from school to school, but may include such
elements as the execution of patterns, which combine various techniques
in specific sequences; the breaking of boards to demonstrate the ability
to use techniques with both power and control; sparring and
self-defense to demonstrate the practical application and control of
techniques; physical fitness usually with pushups; and answering
questions on terminology, concepts and history to demonstrate knowledge
and understanding of the art. For higher dan tests, students are
sometimes required to take a written test or submit a research paper in
addition to taking the practical test.
Promotion from one geup to the next can proceed rapidly in some schools, since schools often allow geup promotions every two, three, or four months. Students of geup rank learn the most basic techniques first, and then move on to more advanced techniques as they approach first dan.
Many of the older and more traditional schools often take longer to
allow students to test for higher ranks than newer, more contemporary
schools, as they may not have the required testing intervals.
In contrast, promotion from one dan to the next can take
years. The general rule is that a black belt may advance from one rank
to the next only after the number of years equivalent to the current
rank. For example, a newly-promoted third-degree black belt may not be
allowed to advance to fourth-degree until three years have passed. Some
organizations also have age requirements related to dan promotions, and may grant younger students poom 품 (junior black belt) ranks rather than dan ranks until they reach a certain age.
Black belt ranks may have titles associated with them, such as
"master" and "instructor" but taekwondo organizations vary widely in
rules and standards when it comes to ranks and titles. What holds true
in one organization may not hold true in another, as is the case in many
martial art systems. For example, achieving first dan ranking
with three years' training might be typical in one organization, but
fast in another organization, and likewise for other ranks. Similarly,
the title for a given dan rank in one organization might not be the same as the title for that dan rank in another organization.
In the International Taekwon-Do Federation, instructors holding 1st to 3rd dan are called Boosabum (assistant instructor), those holding 4th to 6th dan are called Sabum (Instructor), those holding 7th to 8th dan are called Sahyun (master), and those holding 9th dan are called Saseong (grand master).[29] This system does not, however, necessarily apply to other taekwondo organizations.
Philosophy
Since taekwondo is developed in several different kwans, there
are several different expressions of taekwondo philosophy. For example,
the tenets of the ITF are said to be summed up by the last two phrases
in the ITF Student Oath: "I shall be a champion of freedom and justice"
and "I shall build a more peaceful world."[citation needed]
Many forms of Tae Kwon Do, however, are based on what are called the
"Five Tenets of Tae Kwon Do". These tenets are: Courtesy (Ye Ui),
Integrity (Yom Chi), Perseverance (In Nae), Self Control (Guk Gi), and
Indomitable Spirit (Baekjul Boolgool).
Competition
Taekwondo competition typically involves sparring, breaking, patterns, and self-defense (hosinsul). In Olympic taekwondo competition, however, only sparring (using WTF competition rules) is contested.[31]
There may be two kinds of competition sparring: point, which all
strikes are light contact, and the clock is not stopped when a point is
scored; and Olympic, where all strikes are full contact and the clock
continues when points are scored. (citing found at aau website)[citation needed]
World Taekwondo Federation
Under World Taekwondo Federation and Olympic rules, sparring is a
full-contact event and takes place between two competitors in an area
measuring 8 meters square. A win can occur by points, or if one competitor is unable to continue (knockout) the other competitor wins.
Each match consists of three semi-continuous rounds of contact, with
one minute's rest between rounds. There are two age categories: 14–17
years and 18 years and older.
Points are awarded for permitted, accurate, and powerful techniques
to the legal scoring areas; light contact does not score any points. The
only techniques allowed are kicks (delivering a strike using an area of
the foot below the ankle) and punches (delivering a strike using the
closed fist).
In most competitions, points are awarded by three corner judges using
electronic scoring tallies. Several A-Class tournaments, however, are
now trialing electronic scoring equipment contained within competitors'
body protectors. This limits corner judges to scoring only attacks to
the head. Some believe that the new electronic scoring system will help
to reduce controversy concerning judging decisions, but this technology is still not universally accepted.Beginning in 2009, a kick or punch that makes contact with the opponent's hogu (the body guard that functions as a scoring target) scores one point; if a kick to the hogu
involved a technique that includes fully turning the attacking
competitor's body, so that the back is fully exposed to the targeted
competitor during execution of the technique (spinning kick), an
additional point is awarded; a kick to the head scores three points; as
of October 2010 an additional point is awarded if a turning kick was
used to execute this attack.
Punches to the head are not allowed. As of March 2010, no additional
points are awarded for knocking down an opponent (beyond the normal
points awarded for legal strikes).
The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as
hitting an area not recognized as a target, usually the legs or neck.
Penalties are divided into “Kyong-go (warning penalty)” and “Gam-jeom
(deduction penalty)”. Two “Kyong-go” shall be counted as an addition of
one (1) point for the opposing contestant. However, the final
odd-numbered “Kyong-go” shall not be counted in the grand total.
At the end of three rounds, the competitor with more points wins the
match. In the event of a tie at the end of three rounds, a fourth
"sudden death" overtime round, sometimes called "Golden Point", will be
held to determine the winner after a one minute rest period. In this
round the first competitor to score a point wins the match. If there is
no score in the additional round the winner shall be decided by
superiority as determined by the refereeing officials
Until 2008, if one competitor gained a 7-point lead over the other,
or if one competitor reached a total of 12 points, then that competitor
was immediately declared the winner and the match ended. These rules
were abolished by the WTF at the start of 2009. In October 2010 the WTF
reintroduced a point gap rule. Under the new rule if a competitor has a
12 point lead at the end of the second round or achieves a 12 point lead
at any point in the 3rd round then the match is over and the athlete in
the lead is declared the winner
Depending on the type of tournament and club, competitors may also
use fist protectors, foot protectors, instep guards, helmets and mouth
guards.
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